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Risk Assessment

let's prepare for Erasmus+ mobilities in EU

Going abroad can raise many questions about safety and potential risks that one can face. Knowing about potential risks before a mobility supports the feeling of well-being and enables you to make informed decisions and act proactively to avoid risky situations, ensuring a safer and more enriching Erasmus+ experience.

On this page you will find a few samples of risk assessment templates that can be used when preparing for a mobility to Finland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Malta and Italy. There is also an empty template that can be filled in and used by those organisations that are preparing to host Erasmus+ students.

The country specific Risk Assessment Sheets offer an overview of potential risks/dangers of the partner countries of the Connecting Europe project, covering different aspects on safety, health and local regulations.

Finland

Spain

Ireland

Malta

Portugal

Italy

Risk assessment - Finland

HEALTH & SAFETY RISKS SECURITY LAWS & REGULATIONS GEOGRAPHICAL RISKS GOOD TO KNOW
GENERAL ASPECTS TO CONSIDER • Health insurance & vaccinations
• European health insurance card
• Risks: e.g. swimming, heat/coldness, snakes, insects
• Crime rates
• Areas to avoid
• Regulations on the usage of alcohol, drugs, cigarettes (allowed areas, age limits) • Natural disasters
• Weather and seasons
• Cost of living – accommodation, food, tap water, wild berries, transportation
• Unexpected expenses
COUNTRY SPECIFIC INFORMATION • Springtime/summertime: Poisonous snakes, mosquitos, ticks • In terms of safety and security within a country, Finland is the safest according to the Global Peace Index
• The train station in Helsinki is a place you should be careful when visiting
• It is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol and to use any tobacco products at the grounds of the boarding school. To drink alcohol or use tobacco products outside the schools premises you must be 18 years of age or older
• It is strictly forbidden to use drugs
• In Finland there is four seasons; winter, spring, summer and autumn
• During the winter it can be really cold, up to -30 degrees. When it is cold outside you should dress in different layers
• Finland has a low risk of natural disasters
• The cost of food and accommodation is quite expensive in Finland
• In Finland you can drink the tap water
ACTION • Provide information on healthcare facilities and emergency services.
• Arrange meeting pre-departure on local health risks (vaccinations needed. Common illnesses, mental health resources)
• Advice on personal safety measures such as not travelling alone at night, securing personal belongings, and understanding local laws. • Assist students getting correct Visa before departure. • Research & inform about local risks ()

Risk assessment - Spain, Basque Country

HEALTH & SAFETY RISKS SECURITY LAWS & REGULATIONS GEOGRAPHICAL RISKS GOOD TO KNOW
GENERAL ASPECTS TO CONSIDER • Health insurance & vaccinations
• European health insurance card
• Risks: e.g. swimming, heat/coldness, snakes, insects
• Crime rates
• Areas to avoid
• Regulations on the usage of alcohol, drugs, cigarettes (allowed areas, age limits) • Natural disasters
• Weather and seasons
• Cost of living – accommodation, food, tap water, wild berries, transportation
• Unexpected expenses
COUNTRY SPECIFIC INFORMATION • Swimming in Bizkaia is generally safe with lots of blue flag beaches. However, specific warnings for the site and particular day must be adhered to. • The only thing you have to be careful of is pickpockets and the occasional modern minstrel who challenges you to “play tricks” or read the future in the palm of your hand, giving you rosemary. There is no danger, but it is still a big and well-known city.
• The part of the city that you might avoid specially at night is known by San Francisco.
• It is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol in the streets, you will be ok if you choose a terrace bar, there is lots of them around the city.
• You must be 18 years or older to consume alcohol and tobacco products.
• There is a lot of rain in wintertime, and some snow on top of the mountains that surrounds Bilbao area, bring winter clothes we are still in Spain, but this is not Andalucía, an umbrella will be very useful.
• It will warm up in the summer, the water sea although is 20 degrees during the summer not very hot.
• We have to have in mind that summer is usually the busiest of the year, so the most touristy places will normally be more crowded and accommodation prices will be somewhat higher than the rest of the year.
• Keep in mind that in most accommodations in large cities such as Bilbao or San Sebastián, it is not very common to have parking, at least those that are located in the most central areas. Despite that, don't worry, since there are several very central private parking lots where you can leave your vehicle for about 22-25 euros per day.
ACTION • Keep to designated swimming areas and make sure you are a proficient swimmer if venturing into deeper waters.
• Do not dive off cliffs.
• Securing personal belongings, and understanding local laws.
• Stick to well-lit, busy areas and avoid poorly lit streets after dark.
• Share app taxis with your friends heading home as it is generally safer.
• Inform participants of hazards related to use of alcohol in entertainment areas. • Wear layers as much as possible especially in Mid seasons
• Use 50+ sunblock and reapply frequently in the summer.
• Research beach areas and jellyfish alerts before swimming
• Plan and budget your stay carefully to avoid running out of funds mid mobility.

Risk assessment - Ireland

HEALTH & SAFETY RISKS SECURITY LAWS & REGULATIONS GEOGRAPHICAL RISKS GOOD TO KNOW
GENERAL ASPECTS TO CONSIDER • Health insurance & vaccinations
• European health insurance card
• Risks: e.g. swimming, heat/coldness, snakes, insects
• Crime rates
• Areas to avoid
• Regulations on the usage of alcohol, drugs, cigarettes (allowed areas, age limits) • Natural disasters
• Weather and seasons
• Cost of living – accommodation, food, tap water, wild berries, transportation
• Unexpected expenses
COUNTRY SPECIFIC INFORMATION • Ireland drives on the left side of the road, which can be challenging for visitors from countries with right-hand traffic.
• Rural roads can be narrow and winding, requiring careful and attentive driving.
• Ticks in some areas of Ireland can carry diseases such as Lyme disease. Take precautions when hiking or walking in grassy or wooded areas.
• Swimming in Ireland's coastal areas can be safe, but it requires caution and awareness of the local conditions.
• In terms of safety and security within a country, Ireland is generally very safe, ranked 2nd safest country according to the Global Peace Index
• While Dublin is a vibrant and popular tourist destination, some neighborhoods can be less safe, particularly late at night and may experience higher rates of petty crime and antisocial behavior.
• It is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol and to use any tobacco products at the grounds of educational institutions.
• You must be 18 years or older to consume alcohol or use tobacco products outside school premises.
• It is strictly forbidden to use drugs.
• In Ireland there is four seasons; winter, spring, summer and autumn
• Ireland's weather can be unpredictable with sudden rain showers, strong winds, and fog. Be prepared with appropriate clothing and gear.
• Ireland has a low risk of natural disasters
• Ireland's coastal cliffs and hiking trails can be hazardous due to uneven terrain and strong winds. Stay on marked paths and be cautious near edges.
• The cost of food and accommodation is quite expensive in Ireland.
• In Ireland, in the majority of instances you can drink the tap water
ACTION • Provide information on healthcare facilities and emergency services.
• Arrange meeting pre-departure on local health risks (vaccinations needed. Common illnesses, mental health resources)
• Advise to swim in designated areas: Always swim in areas that are designated and monitored by lifeguards. These areas are usually marked by flags and have lifeguards on duty during peak times, typically in the summer months.
• Be aware of tides and currents. The coastal waters around Ireland can have strong currents, rip tides, and rapidly changing tides. Make sure to familiarise yourself with local tidal information and heed any warning signs or advice from local authorities.
• Advise on personal safety measures such as not travelling alone at night, securing personal belongings, and understanding local laws.
• Stick to well-lit, busy areas and avoid poorly lit streets after dark.
• Assist students getting correct Visa before departure • Research & inform about local risks (e.g floods, political protests)

Risk assessment - Malta

HEALTH & SAFETY RISKS SECURITY LAWS & REGULATIONS GEOGRAPHICAL RISKS GOOD TO KNOW
GENERAL ASPECTS TO CONSIDER • Health insurance & vaccinations
• European health insurance card
• Risks: e.g. swimming, heat/coldness, snakes, insects
• Crime rates
• Areas to avoid
• Regulations on the usage of alcohol, drugs, cigarettes (allowed areas, age limits) • Natural disasters
• Weather and seasons
• Cost of living – accommodation, food, tap water, wild berries, transportation
• Unexpected expenses
COUNTRY SPECIFIC INFORMATION • Malta drives on the left side of the road, which can be challenging for visitors from countries with right-hand traffic.
• Malta is densely populated with lots of traffic in central areas. Traffic regulations are lax and enforcement is poor leading to potential hazards.
• Swimming in Malta is generally safe with lots of blue flag beaches. However, specific warnings for the site and particular day must be adhered to.
• Summer heat can be intense and heat exhaustion is high especially in July-August. Keep out of the sun in peak hours.
• Malta is generally very safe with few violent crimes and virtually no risk of terrorism or natural disasters.
• Paceville / St Julians nightlife areas are attractive to youngsters but as with all such areas caution must be exercised and it is advisable to moderate or avoid alcohol consumption which can reduce alertness.
• It is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol and to use any tobacco products at the grounds of educational institutions.
• You must be 17 years or older to consume alcohol or and 18 to use tobacco products.
• Malta is typically defined by long hot and dry summers and shorter mild winters. The temperature rarely drops below 5C even in winter at night.
• Be aware of 11+ UV index in Summer and the intense heat.
• Malta is at low risk of quakes and other disasters. There are no tides in Malta
• Beware of cliff faces especially when swimming as some areas might be unstable. Use common sense.
• Malta can be quite expensive to dine out with a typical pizza costing 10-12Eur and a plate of pasta around Eur 15. In addition to this a bottle of water at a restaurant costs around 4Eur and there is no option to drink tap water. Whilst tap water is technically safe, it does not taste pleasant.
• Transportation in Malta costs around 25Eur per week with several taxi options available via app for a moderate cost.
ACTION • Advise on traffic hazards and the difficulty of driving in Malta
• Advise against using scooters or bikes
• Keep to designated swimming areas and make sure you are a proficient
swimmer if venturing into deeper waters. • Do not dive off cliffs.
• Advise on personal safety measures such as not travelling alone at night, securing personal belongings, and understanding local laws.
• Stick to well-lit, busy areas and avoid poorly lit streets after dark.
• Share app taxis with your friends heading home as it is generally safer.
• Inform participants of hazards related to use of alcohol in entertainment areas. • Wear layers as much as possible especially in Mid seasons
• Use 50+ sunblock and reapply frequently
• Hats, sunglasses and light coloured clothing is recommended.
• Research beach areas and jellyfish alerts before swimming
• Plan and budget your stay carefully to avoid running out of funds mid mobility.

Risk assessment - Portugal

HEALTH & SAFETY RISKS SECURITY LAWS & REGULATIONS GEOGRAPHICAL RISKS GOOD TO KNOW
GENERAL ASPECTS TO CONSIDER • Health insurance & vaccinations
• European health insurance card
• Risks: e.g. swimming, heat/coldness, snakes, insects
• Crime rates
• Areas to avoid
• Regulations on the usage of alcohol, drugs, cigarettes (allowed areas, age limits) • Natural disasters
• Weather and seasons
• Cost of living – accommodation, food, tap water, wild berries, transportation
• Unexpected expenses
COUNTRY SPECIFIC INFORMATION It is highly recommended not to swim in the ocean outside Summer season, when there are not safeguards on the beach.

Houses/flats in Portugal lack often central heating and electricity and water are highly expensive. Some flats do have individual heaters in the different rooms.

Housing prices in Portugal have risen significantly in recent years.

State hospitals are usually crowded and people in emergency situations (not serious ones) do wait for a long time to be seen by a doctor. Private hospitals are faster, but expensive.

Portugal’s emergency number is 112 for police, medical, and fire services.
In terms of safety and security within a country, Portugal is generally very safe, ranked 7th globally in the Global Peace Index (GPI) with a score of 1.372 and, in Europe, Portugal is ranked 5th.

Pickpocketing can happen in busy areas, especially on public transportation and at crowded locations like stations, bus stops, or tram stops in Lisbon and Porto.

While Lisbon, Porto and the Algarve are the most popular touristic destinations, and also more expensive and with more risk in terms of safety, Aveiro is a quiet and vibrant city, being the Portuguese capital of culture in 2024.
It is forbidden to drink alcohol and to use any tobacco products at the grounds of educational institutions.

You must be 18 years or older to consume alcohol or use tobacco products outside school premises.

The possession, sale, and use of illegal drugs are strictly forbidden in Portugal.

It is not allowed to smoke indoors in most places (restaurants, bars, cafés, cinemas, discos, etc).

Drinks served in bars in Portugal are often stronger than those in other European countries.

Make sure you understand the toll system in Portugal and how to pay toll charges, when driving/hiring a car.
Portugal experiences all four seasons—winter, spring, summer, and autumn—though autumn and spring often feel similar.

Winter (December-February): Can be cold and damp, especially in areas without central heating.
Spring/Autumn (March-May/September-November): These seasons bring mild temperatures but unpredictable weather, including rain and wind.
Summer (June-August): Generally hot, especially inland, but cooler and windier on the coast.

In Portugal and specially on the coast, there is a lot of humidity and houses can be less comfortable. The weather can be unpredictable with long periods of rain or of draught. Wind is also expected specially on the coast.

Portugal has a low risk of natural disasters. However, in summer, after long draught periods, fires often happen in areas outside the cities.

Fire Risks During Droughts: Although Portugal has a low risk of natural disasters, summer months can bring fires after long periods of drought, particularly in rural areas.
Cliff Erosion on the Coast: Particularly in areas like the Algarve, cliff erosion is a serious risk. Falling rocks can pose hazards to those walking or hiking near cliffs
The cost of accommodation has increased a lot in the past years.

When renting a room or flat with costs included, one has to be conscious on the consuming of electricity, gas and water. If the consumption is more than the normal, you maybe be charged for extra money.

Besides Lisbon, many other cities have recently started to charge the tourist tax (in hotels).

Safe Drinking Water: In most cases, tap water in Portugal is safe to drink.

Public transportation is generally safe.

Portugal has a generally safe and reliable public transportation system.

You can easily find ATMs (look for Multibanco signs) everywhere. Avoid Euronet machines as their charges can be high.

Most businesses accept debit cards, but some may require a minimum of €5 to use the card.

Tipping is not expected but it is welcomed, but you shouldn't feel any pressure to tip.

WiFi can be found in the majority of restaurants, bars, cafes and hotels throughout Portugal and is likely to be both fast and reliable.

Most of the car parks are paid for in advance via machines installed in the streets. The police regularly check payments, and the length of time paid for.

Portuguese is the spoken language in Portugal. While many people in tourist areas speak English, Portuguese is the primary language.
ACTION Unless you decide to take surf lessons with a specialized school, do not go swimming outside summer season. Follow the beach flag instructions too (green = You can bathe and swim; yellow = You can bathe but not swim or go outside on your feet; red = Do not enter the water.

It is advised to swim in designated areas. Always swim in areas that are designated and monitored by lifeguards. These areas are usually marked by flags and have lifeguards on duty during peak times, typically in the summer months.

Be aware of tides and currents. The coastal waters around Portugal can have strong currents, rip tides, and rapidly changing tides. Make sure to familiarise yourself with local tidal information and heed any warning signs or advice from local authorities.

Electricity costs: Use Heaters Wisely. Be mindful of your energy usage, especially when using heaters, air conditioning, and kitchen appliances.

If the property has individual heaters, use them strategically. Only heat the rooms you are using to reduce electricity consumption and costs.

Either with central heating or single heaters, it is not expected to leave the heater on when people leave home.

Water Usage: Water is another costly utility. Avoid long showers and unnecessary water use to keep bills manageable.

Clarify with your landlord or rental agent whether utilities (electricity, water, gas) are all included in the rent. If not, request an estimate of average monthly utility costs.

Consider cities outside Lisbon, as rent may be lower.

Make sure you have valid health insurance that covers private healthcare or includes access to public services.

Ensure you have the European Health Insurance Card (EHIC), which gives access to state healthcare at a reduced cost (but does not cover private hospitals).

For non-urgent care, go to local health centers (Centros de Saúde) rather than hospitals.

Only visit public hospitals’ emergency rooms (ER) for serious and urgent health issues.

Identify the nearest pharmacy (farmácia), as pharmacists can provide medication and basic health advice.

Familiarize yourself with the closest private clinics and ask about consultation fees in case of a minor emergency.

Keep a list of emergency numbers: Emergency services (ambulance, police, fire): 112 Nearest private hospital or clinic contact number.

Always keep your phone charged and have important contact numbers saved for emergencies, including landlords, flatmates, and colleagues.

Arrange meeting pre-departure on local health risks (vaccinations needed. Common illnesses, mental health resources).

Save local embassy contacts in your phone as well as the number for your accommodation or internship coordinator in case you need assistance.
While the country is safe, it’s always important to exercise basic caution, particularly in busy tourist areas. Avoid walking alone late at night in unfamiliar areas and always have a way to contact local authorities or your embassy in case of emergency.

Ot is also advisable not to make noise in the streets, in order not to attract the attention and be careful with own belongings.

Take care on public transport and at busy stations and crowded bus and tram stops – especially in Lisbon and Porto.

Keep your bags zipped and close to your body, preferably in front of you. Use cross-body bags with anti-theft features if possible.

Be extra vigilant in crowded places and avoid distractions. Pickpockets often work in groups to divert your attention.

Avoid Flashing Valuables: Keep phones, wallets, and electronics out of sight when not in use, and avoid wearing expensive jewellery that could attract attention.

Also, not advisable travelling/walking alone at night, specially girls, and securing personal belongings, and understanding local laws.
Make sure to comply with this regulation while on campus or visiting any educational institution, including internships connected to universities or schools. Violation of this rule could result in fines or disciplinary actions from the institution.

Always carry a valid ID (passport or government-issued identification) when purchasing alcohol or tobacco products to prove you meet the legal age requirement.

Avoid any involvement with drugs, as penalties can be severe, including heavy fines, arrest, and even imprisonment.

Only smoke in designated smoking areas. Always check if a venue allows smoking or has a designated outdoor smoking area. Failure to comply with indoor smoking bans can result in fines.

Be mindful of the strength of alcoholic beverages, and pace yourself to avoid overconsumption. Opt for smaller servings if unsure, and always arrange safe transportation or have a designated driver if consuming alcohol.

Before driving, familiarize yourself with how the toll system works: Electronic Tolls: Some highways use electronic tolls only, where no booths are present. You will need to arrange electronic payment methods like Via Verde (for long stays) or prepay toll services when renting a car.

Manual Tolls: For manual toll roads, ensure you have cash or a card ready to pay at toll booths.

Rental Car Tip: If renting a car, ask the rental company for guidance on toll payments and ensure your rental car is equipped for toll collection to avoid fines.
Bring warm and waterproof clothing for the winter and autumn seasons, even if you're staying along the coast where humidity can make temperatures feel colder.

Pack warm clothes, and be prepared for chilly, humid indoor environments.

During summer, wear lightweight, breathable fabrics and protect yourself from wind and sun exposure. Portuguese winters, especially in the north, can be chilly. Bring warm clothes which you use indoors and outdoors. In Portugal and in winter, people wear winter clothes indoors, not summer clothes.

Stay informed about weather conditions and plan accordingly, particularly during the winter months.

Research & inform about local risks (e.g floods, political protests)

Avoid High-Risk Areas: During the summer, avoid venturing into forested regions or dry areas outside of cities where fire risks are higher. Pay attention to fire alerts and avoid any areas where warnings have been issued.

Look out for signs warning of cliff erosion. Falling rocks are a hazard, particularly in the Algarve. Look out for warning signs indicating cliff erosion or unstable terrain. Avoid walking too close to the edge of cliffs or on beaches with warnings about falling rocks.

Follow Safe Paths: Stick to designated pathways when hiking or exploring coastal areas.
Consider carrying a reusable water bottle to save money and reduce waste.

Use metro, buses, or trams to move around economically.

Besides taxi, Uber and Bolt are available.

Although most Portuguese people try to communicate with foreign people even if they do not speak the language, do not expect to have everybody speaking English and understand what you say. During your internship, do not expect everyone to speak English. It's helpful to learn basic Portuguese phrases for daily interactions. Bring a kind of portfolio with the most important survival sentences in Portuguese.

Understanding local customs can enhance your safety and experience. Be polite, respect local traditions, and avoid conflict. Most Portuguese people are friendly, but avoiding misunderstandings by learning basic Portuguese phrases can be helpful.

Risk assessment - Italy

HEALTH & SAFETY RISKS SECURITY LAWS & REGULATIONS GEOGRAPHICAL RISKS GOOD TO KNOW
GENERAL ASPECTS TO CONSIDER • Health insurance & vaccinations
• European health insurance card
• Risks: e.g. swimming, heat/coldness, snakes, insects
• Crime rates
• Areas to avoid
• Regulations on the usage of alcohol, drugs, cigarettes (allowed areas, age limits) • Natural disasters
• Weather and seasons
• Cost of living – accommodation, food, tap water, wild berries, transportation
• Unexpected expenses
COUNTRY SPECIFIC INFORMATION • Potential for illness, including infectious diseases (e.g., COVID-19, seasonal flu) and foodborne illnesses. Italy has a high-quality healthcare system, but access may vary in rural areas. • Petty crime, such as pickpocketing and scams, is common in tourist areas and public transport. Violent crime is relatively low but can occur. • Legal Drinking Age: The legal age for purchasing and consuming alcohol in Italy is 18 years.
• Allowed Areas: Alcohol can be consumed in licensed establishments such as bars, restaurants, and clubs. Public consumption is generally allowed but may be restricted in certain areas, especially in city centers or during specific events.
• The possession, sale, and use of illegal drugs are strictly prohibited in Italy. Penalties for drug offenses can be severe, including fines and imprisonment.
• Italy is prone to natural hazards such as earthquakes, flooding, landslides, volcanic activity, and heatwaves which can pose risks to safety and health.
• Italy experiences diverse weather conditions across its regions: hot summers (30-40°C) in the south, mild winters (0-10°C) in the north; potential for extreme weather events like storms or heatwaves.
• The cost of living varies significantly by region; average monthly accommodation ranges from €300-€800 depending on location; food costs around €200-€400 monthly.
• tap water is generally safe;
• Public transport costs vary by city (€1-€2 per ticket).
• Unexpected expenses may include medical costs or emergency travel.
ACTION • Follow local health guidelines, including vaccination recommendations.
• Carry personal health insurance that covers international travel.
• Maintain good hygiene practices (e.g., handwashing, wearing masks in crowded places)
• Stay vigilant in crowded areas and keep valuables secure.
• avoid displaying expensive items.
• Familiarize yourself with local emergency contacts and procedures.
• Familiarize yourself with local laws and regulations before arrival.
• Seek guidance from local contacts or the host institution regarding legal norms.
• Respect public order laws and cultural sensitivities to avoid conflicts.
• Stay informed about local weather conditions and natural disaster preparedness.
• Follow safety advisories from local authorities regarding natural hazards.
• Monitor weather forecasts regularly.
• Dress appropriately for seasonal changes; prepare for heat during summer months and cold during winter.
• Stay indoors during severe weather warnings or advisories.
• Create a budget considering accommodation, food, transportation, and unexpected expenses.
• Research affordable options for housing and meals prior to arrival.
• Keep an emergency fund accessible for unforeseen costs.